2016年11月28日 星期一

第五週---火箭回收

Space X finally knows what caused its FALCON 9 ROCKET to explode

Elon Musk says the problem has "Never been encountered before in the history of rocketry.”

After SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket exploded while being fueled for a test fire in September, the company said it would be launching again by November. It appears the skeptics were right: It's now November, and SpaceX rockets still aren't flying—though the company is making progress. CEO Elon Musk says the company has identified the cause of the September explosion, and the Falcon 9 could be fixed and flying by mid-December.
Yesterday Musk explained to CNBC why it took so long to get to the bottom of the explosion: “It was a really surprising problem. It’s never been encountered before in the history of rocketry.”
The problem has to do with some super-cold oxygen reacting with the carbon fiber composites within the fuel tank.
The Falcon 9 rocket flies by combusting liquid kerosene with oxygen. Because there's no oxygen in space, the rocket needs to bring its own. To pack in as much fuel as possible, most rockets cool oxygen gas until it's liquefied; SpaceX takes it one step further by cooling it even more, possibly to increase the density and thus how much fuel the rocket can carry.
Well, it turns out that the supercooled oxygen might have been too cold—cold enough to actually solidify.
SpaceX likes its oxygen tanks to be kept at about -340 degrees Fahrenheit, and the stuff ices over at -362 degrees. According to the New York Times, the liquid helium containers inside the oxygen tank could have been responsible for pushing to oxygen over the brink. Helium, which is used to pressurize the oxygen tank, is stored at even colder temperatures than oxygen, at -452 degrees.
Musk didn't elaborate on how the solid oxygen formed or what happened after that, but the leading theory is that the solid oxygen may have ignited one of three carbon composite helium containers inside the oxygen tank, triggering the explosion that annihilated SpaceX's launch pad.
"This is the toughest puzzle that we've ever had to solve," Musk told CNBC.
Now that the company has a real lead on the problem, they can get to work on fixing it. SpaceX is targeting a return-to-flight in mid-December, although they haven't yet revealed what payload will be launched.
Structure of the Lead
WHAT- SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket exploded
WHEN- In September
WHY- The company has identified the cause
WHERE- Not given
WHO- SpaceX CEO Elon Musk
HOW- being fueled for a test fire in September
Keywords:
1.skeptic:懷疑者
2.composite:混合物、合成物
3.combust:燃燒
4.kerosene:煤油、航空煤油
5.solidify:凝固
6.helium:氦(礦物質)
7.elaborate on:解釋、闡述
8.ignite:燃燒、點燃
9.trigger:觸發、引起
10.annihilate:消滅、毀滅、殲滅
11.payload:裝載量

2016年11月14日 星期一

第四週---火星探險

Mars Rover Curiosity Hits the Road Again After Short Circuit

March 13, 2015 07:00am
By 

NASA's Mars rover Curiosity is back in action for the first time after suffering a glitch late last month.

    The 1-ton Curiosity rover transferred powdered rock sample from its robotic arm to an analytical instrument on its body on Wednesday (March 11), and then drove about 33 feet (10 meters) toward the southwest on Thursday (March 12), NASA officials said.
Curiosity had been stationary since Feb. 27, when it experienced a short circuit while attempting to transfer the sample, which the rover had collected from a rock dubbed Telegraph Peak.
"That precious Telegraph Peak sample had been sitting in the arm, so tantalizingly close, for two weeks. We are really excited to get it delivered for analysis," Curiosity Project Scientist Ashwin Vasavada, of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said in a statement.
Engineers have spent much of the past two weeks trying to figure out exactly what caused the short circuit. Testing suggests that it originated in the percussive mechanism for Curiosity's arm-mounted drill (which hammers as well as rotates to bore into rock).
The rover team will continue their analyses to determine how to proceed with future drilling work, NASA officials said.
Curiosity has performed six sample-collecting drilling operations since landing on Mars in August 2012. Analysis of some of these samples has helped rover scientists determine that the Red Planet could have supported microbial life in the ancient past.
Curiosity is moving away from an outcrop at the base of the towering Mount Sharp called Pahrump Hills, which the six-wheeled robot has been studying since last September. Curiosity will head to higher ground on Mount Sharp, via a valley called Artist's Drive.
"Road to Wellville: In good health, doing science & heading higher on Mt Sharp," NASA officials said Thursday via Curiosity's official Twitter account, @MarsCuriosity.
Mount Sharp has been Curiosity's prime science destination since before its November 2011 launch. The rover's handlers want Curiosity to climb up through the mountain's lower levels, reading a history of Mars' changing environmental conditions as it goes.
Curiosity transferred some Telegraph Peak powder to its Chemisty and Mineralogy instrument, or CheMin, on Wednesday. The rover will also deliver some of the sample to its Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument soon, NASA officials said.

http://www.space.com/28823-mars-rover-curiosity-short-circuit-drive.html
Structure of the Lead
WHAT- Back in action for the first time
WHEN- after suffering a glitch late last month
WHY- not given
WHERE- not given
WHO- NASA's Mars rover Curiosity
HOW- not given


Keywords:
1.Curiosity:好奇號
2.circuit :巡迴
3.sample-collecting:樣本收集
4.microbial:微生物的
5.transfer:轉移
6.analysis:分析
7.instrument:工具.儀器

第二週---敘利亞內戰

Break your heart until it opens

September 3, 2015
By Hussain Makke

    A mother is holding her 3 month old baby above the water as she kicks her legs as hard as she can to stay afloat. 
    Gasping for air, she is running out of energy as well as breath. Her hands begin to fall the weaker she grows until the frozen baby’s body touches the water, which urges the mother to kick more violently and raise her arms higher to save her child. Soon, she will have exhausted herself, and with no one to aid her in the middle of the ocean, this Syrian refugee, who felt that taking the risk on these waters was safer for her and her child than to remain in her homeland, will drown. Her baby, innocent and unperceiving of this devastating world it was born into, will also drown.  The world will not know their names. They will be known as the mother and baby who drowned at sea as they tried to seek refuge in a country where they were not welcomed. A fate shared all too well by the Rohingya Muslims who were pushed out at sea, refused entry into surrounding countries. Thailand will not take them, neither will Malaysia. No, they belong to the sea. And in the sea they will drown.
A line rings true from the artist Kareem Dennis: I’m not related to the strangers on the TV, but I relate because those faces could have been me.
How true. You see, many of us live life oblivious to the world around us. We have become desensitised enough to all this corruption and oppression that we somewhere down the line subconsciously decide that it’s all just too much for us, and the oppressed become faceless numbers. We feel sadness for a moment, but soon enough we move on in life without giving them a second thought. Is this how hard our hearts have become? The worst thing that can ever happen to a human being is for him to lose his sense of feeling, to lose his emotion. To become cold. The greatest blessing for a human being is to hold onto the softness of his heart, to cry and to feel. We are a society in a world where becoming cold is the norm. How ironic that the ones who can help us keep this softness we so desperately need are the Syrian children whose bodies were carried by the waves of the sea until they appeared lifeless on Turkish shores, or the Iraqi fathers who watched their wives and daughters get raped in front of them, or the young Albinos who are literally hunted for the way they look. When you think of the oppressed of this world and truly try to relate to them, to associate yourself with them, your heart will soften through their hardships. These afflictions could easily have been yours, and one day they very well may be.
I do not write these words to depress you, and I understand that the sadness may cause some people distress and that is why they ignore it, but when you direct this sadness to the heavens it allows you to grow into a glorious human being. The circumstances of the world must not destroy us, but must push us to become better people inside and out.
We must live the history of our Islamic figures as if they were alive today. So many times the Quranic stories are just that to us, stories. No, make it real, as real as these words you are reading right now. Imagine being a follower of Moses (a) in the extremely oppressive circumstances under Pharoah, and the desperation he must have felt. Imagine how alone lady Mary (a) was in her mission to deliver a saviour to the people. Imagine the plight of the Prophet Muhammad (S) in exile for three years attempting to lead his hungry, exhausted followers and keep them together, only to lose his beloved wife Khadija (a) and uncle Abu Talib in the space of a week. Who could he turn to? With his broken but soft heart, he turns to Allah (swt), and carries on through his love for his people.
Why are we so in love with Imam Ali (a)? Because he felt society’s pain, and his ‘I’ had become ‘we‘. His personality attracted all others. He was not an individual separated from others. He was a limb or organ of a whole body. He himself said that a pain in one part of society, as in a body, made itself felt in the other parts, one of which was himself. One of the Imam’s governers once attended a feast, which prompted the Imam to send him a letter of protest. The Imam’s problem with this feast wasn’t about there being any forbidden acts involved, ie drinking or gambling, but because one of his governors attended a feast where no poor people were able to attend.  He says, “I never believed a governor and representative of mine would attend such a party of the nobility.” He then describes his own life and says that he felt other people’s pain more than his own and their pain prevented him from feeling his own. He was not unaware of the destiny of others. The men and women of God throughout history always felt the difficulties of their people, and they would turn to their Lord. The same Lord who is watching and hearing us right now. This is all one epic story that we are all a part of, under one Lord. The Lord of Moses (a), Mary (a), Muhammad (P), and Ali (a). Like them, soften your hearts and turn to Him to complain of this lower world, and ask for His help and guidance.
Before coming to prayer, think of these people. Let these feelings run through your body, ponder upon the words of the Quran and the Ahlulbayt concerning this dunya. This world was made to break your heart, so let it. Do not fall for it, do not hold onto it. Keep breaking your heart until it opens. Until it softens. In prayer you will feel different, in your qunoot you will feel different, and in your duas you will feel different.
Look at the words of the dua after the Isha prayers, in realising our weakness: ‘Lord, I wander in different lands searching for my sustenance, and I am so confused. I do not know if it lies in the plains or the mountains, on the ground or in the air, on land or in the seas. I have full knowledge that You know all of these.’
Or in the dua after asr prayers:
‘Lord, I seek your protection from a self that is never satisfied. From a heart that is not humbled. From knowledge that is of no avail. From a prayer that is not accepted. From a supplication that is unanswered. Lord, I ask you for ease after difficulty, relief after misfortune, and comfort after hardship.’
How will saying these words feel when you say them through the oppressed voices throughout history? Imagine saying these words through the tongue of the drowning mother, or even the tongue of our beloved Prophet (S) under all his hardships. Your entire perspective of self will change, and like Imam Ali (as), you will no longer believe in ‘I’, but you will become a ‘we’.
And bit by bit, we can save the world. Live with the Prophet (S). Live with the oppressed throughout history. Live with the oppressed of today.
Break your heart.
…and to Aylan Kurdi, the young Kurdish -Syrian child in the photograph: You were not welcomed in any of the lands of this world, so you were invited by the Beloved into the Heavens.
Structure of the Lead
WHAT-  hold her baby and kick her legs
WHEN- not given
WHY- can to stay afloat
WHERE- above the water
WHO- A mother and her 3 month old baby
HOW- not given


Keywords:
1.refugee:難民
2.drown:淹死
3.:
4.:
5.: